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Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology Advance Access originally published online on August 5, 2009
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 2009 24(4):321-341; doi:10.1093/arclin/acp038
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Span, Visuospatial Span, Letter and Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test

Jordi Peña-Casanovaa,b,*, Sonia Quiñones-Úbedab, María Quintana-Apariciob, Miquel Aguilarc, Dolors Badenesc, José Luis Molinuevod, Laura Tornerd, Alfredo Roblese, María Sagrario Barquerof,{dagger}, Clara Villanuevaf, Carmen Antúnezg, Carlos Martínez-Parrah, Anna Frank-Garcíai, Azucena Sanzi, Manuel Fernándezj, Verónica Alfonsok, Josep M. Solk, Rafael Blesal and for the NEURONORMA Study Team{ddagger}

a Section of Behavioral Neurology and Dementias, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
b Behavioral Neurology Group, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
c Service of Neurology, Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
d Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
e Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
f Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
g Service of Neurology, Hospital Virgen Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
h Service of Neurology, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
i Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
j Service of Neurology, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain
k European Biometrics Institute, Barcelona, Spain
l Service of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

* Corresponding author at: Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Biomedical Research Park Building. Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: +34 34 933160765; fax: +34 34 933160723. E-mail address: jpcasanova{at}imas.imim.es (J. Peña-Casanova).


  Abstract

As part of the Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA project), we provide age- and education-adjusted norms for the following instruments: verbal span (digits), visuospatial span (Corsi's test), letter–number sequencing (WAIS-III), trail making test, and symbol digit modalities test. The sample consists of 354 participants who are cognitively normal, community-dwelling, and age ranging from 50 to 90 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education-adjusted scaled scores by applying regression-based adjustments. The current norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating elderly Spanish people. These data may be of considerable use for comparisons with other normative studies. Limitations of these normative data are mainly related to the techniques of recruitment and stratification employed.

Keywords Attention; Problem-solving; Wechsler scales; Demography; Educational status; Reference values

Accepted: June 29, 2009

{dagger} Deceased.

{ddagger} For the NEURONORMA.ES Study Team members, see Appendix.


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