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Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology Advance Access published online on August 1, 2009
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, doi:10.1093/arclin/acp042
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Fluency Tests

Jordi Peña-Casanovaa,b,*, Sonia Quiñones-Úbedab, Nina Gramunt-Fombuenab, María Quintana-Apariciob, Miquel Aguilarc, Dolors Badenesc, Noemí Cerullac, José Luis Molinuevod, Eva Ruizd, Alfredo Roblese, Maria Sagrario Barquerof,{dagger}, Carmen Antúnezg, Carlos Martínez-Parrah, Anna Frank-Garcíai, Manuel Fernándezj, Verónica Alfonsok, Josep M. Solk, Rafael Blesal and for the NEURONORMA Study Team{ddagger}

a Section of Behavioral Neurology and Dementias, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
b Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
c Service of Neurology, Hospital Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Spain
d Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
e Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
f Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
g Service of Neurology, Hospital Virgen Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
h Service of Neurology, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
i Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
j Service of Neurology, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain
k European Biometrics Institute, Barcelona, Spain
l Service of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

* Corresponding author at: Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Biomedical Research Park Building, Carrer Dr Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: +34-933160765; fax: +34-933160723. E-mail address: jpcasanova{at}imas.imim.es (J. Peña-Casanova).


  Abstract

Lexical fluency tests are frequently used in clinical practice to assess language and executive function. As part of the Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA project), we provide age- and education-adjusted norms for three semantic fluency tasks (animals, fruit and vegetables, and kitchen tools), three formal lexical tasks (words beginning with P, M, and R), and three excluded letter fluency tasks (excluded A, E, and S). The sample consists of 346 participants who are cognitively normal, community dwelling, and ranging in age from 50 to 94 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education-adjusted scaled scores by applying regression-based adjustments. The current norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating elderly Spanish people. These data may also be of considerable use for comparisons with other international normative studies. Finally, these norms should help improve the interpretation of verbal fluency tasks and allow for greater diagnostic accuracy.

Keywords Language tests; Vocabulary; Age factors; Demography; Educational status; Reference values

Accepted: June 29, 2009

{dagger} Deceased.

{ddagger} The members of the NEURONORMA.ES Study Team are listed in the Appendix.


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